Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Langston P, et al. Evidence for various cellular mechanisms not requiring hypoxic stress has recently appeared. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Experiments, however, are not usually good simulations of actual scenarios of interest. gabor.laurenczy@epfl.ch. In: Goodman AG, Gillman A, editors. This review extends the discussion of those issues involving carbon monoxide exposure in humans summarized in the 1999 WHO and 2005 European Union reports (77,78). B. there is a lot of catalyst present in the converter. However, the relationship in reality between blood carbon monoxide levels and symptomatology is extremely poor. SOLUBILITY OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROGEN IN WATER AND SEA-WATER 69 Table 1. These studies were, however, not replicable in any case where such replication was attempted. Tikuisis PF, Buick F, Kane DM. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that is poorly soluble in water. Numerical values are . White (86) reviewed carbon monoxide poisoning in children in 2000. Smokers' polycythemia. hypoxic stress. Delayed sequelae may occur and cumulative exposure may be needed to become effective. Aside from open-fire cooking with solid fuels, the most common sources for elevated carbon monoxide concentrations in indoor air are unvented gas appliances, tobacco smoking and proximity to busy traffic. An improvement in hearing was found in only 26.7% of the cases, and it was always slight. Maroni M, et al. (110) and Bayer et al. (160) found in rat studies that the potent oxidant species, peroxynitrite, was generated in the brain from nitric oxide and that a cascade of events could lead to oxidative stress in carbon monoxide poisoning. Recourse to these works is strongly encouraged. 79 0 obj<>stream For acute exposures, as COHb increases, arterial blood flow to the brain increases proportionally. E MjMM6&8v9Tj-]q{[.-=k6#1a{WCDQ{{eVkykL Z-fUr88 Sumari P. Kliniska observationer vid kronisk gengasforgiftning. Solubility Data Series, Volume 43 - 1st Edition Sari I, et al. It consists of one carbon atom covalently . Yang et al. Likewise, blast furnace gas collected at the top of blast furnace, still contains some 10% to 30% of carbon monoxide, and is used as fuel on Cowper stoves and on Siemens-Martin furnaces on open hearth steelmaking. The audiogram, however, showed changes in 78.3% of the patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. A large number of behavioural studies were critically reviewed by Benignus (183,184) involving sensory, psychomotor, vigilance, cognitive and schedule-controlled behaviour in both humans and rats. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. This study is similar to an earlier epidemiological investigation by Hexter & Goldsmith (140), reviewed by Penney (76). In the absence of indoor sources, current concentrations of carbon monoxide in indoor air in European and North American cities are well below the levels of existing air quality guidelines and standards. One victim had an abnormal magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. In: Penney DG, editor. Cerebral circulatory response to carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia in the lamb. NIST Standard Reference Carbon monoxide is also a byproduct of the reduction of metal oxide ores with carbon, shown in a simplified form as follows: Carbon monoxide is also produced by the direct oxidation of carbon in a limited supply of oxygen or air. Allred EN, et al. There was no significant effect of modification by age, sex or season. Mar TF, et al. (157) assessed the association between ambient air pollution and daily elementary school absenteeism in Washoe County, Nevada in the period 19961998. [82][83][84] The scope of the biological roles for carbon monoxide sensing is still unknown. The exercise effect of carbon monoxide exposure in healthy subjects was produced by reduced oxygen delivery to the exercising muscle. A 1.2-mg/m3 increase in same-day daily 1-hour maximum carbon monoxide was associated with a 0.96% (95% CI 0.791.12) increase in risk of cardiovascular admissions. [92] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that several thousand people go to hospital emergency rooms every year to be treated for carbon monoxide poisoning. Published and reliable data for solubilities of synthesis gas, CO or H 2 in the above-mentioned systems is rather limited. Solubility of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and 1-octene in various solvents and solvent mixtures Purwanto, R. Deshpande, R. V. Chaudhari, H. Delmas Chemistry 1996 The solubility of H2 has been measured as a function of pressure in ethanol + water and various solvents at (298 and 323) K. All rights reserved. Another effect of COHb is to increase the binding strength of oxygen to haemoglobin, thus making release of oxygen into tissue more difficult (57). This case indicates that unilateral lesioning resulting from carbon monoxide poisoning can occur. 0000007445 00000 n Tikuisis P. Modeling the uptake and elimination of carbon monoxide. They found a positive and statistically significant association between same-day carbon monoxide exposure and increased risk of hospitalization for multiple cardiovascular outcomes (ischemic heart disease, heart rhythm disturbances, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease and total cardiovascular disease). It is the simplest carbon oxide. Associations between personal exposures and fixed-site ambient measurements of fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide in Toronto, Canada. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated This risk is increased by a unit rise in the average concentration of carbon monoxide in the third trimester. * In: Penney DG, editor. Where should I place a carbon monoxide detector? Effects of air pollutants on acute stroke mortality. This gas is lighter in the air and released naturally as well as from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and man mode processes. [96] A level of 50% carboxyhemoglobin may result in seizure, coma, and fatality. Clark M, et al. National Library of Medicine. Carbon monoxide solubility in ionic liquids: determination, prediction Air pollution and emergency department visits for cardiac and respiratory conditions: a multi-city time-series analysis. Jin Y, et al. Auto ignition temperature (liquid) 1128oF. Absence of symptoms with carboxyhemoglobin levels of 1623%. Carbon monoxide is not detectible by humans either by sight, taste or smell. Here the subjects were also given maximal exercise tests, but the criterion for stopping was not exhaustion but the onset of angina. Standard Reference Data Act. Carbon monoxide: association of community air pollution with mortality. There is almost certainly also a group of individuals who are extraordinarily sensitive to carbon monoxide but who have no obvious health or unusual physiological conditions and thus cannot be readily identified. On the other hand, individuals with heart disease represent a large fraction of the population and therefore the angina studies do address an issue of public health concern. It is highly toxic in nature. The solvents include water, aqueous and non-aqueous salt solutions, a variety of hydrocarbons, a variety of oxygen-containing, halogen-containing, sulfur-containing, and nitrogen-containing organic compounds, and also some biological fluids with which carbon monoxide has an important interaction. Maximal aerobic capacity at different levels of carboxyhemoglobin. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Therefore, a third damaging mechanism of carbon monoxide exposure appears to be through its action on the immune system. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Geographical, spatial, and temporal distributions of multiple indoor air pollutants in four Chinese provinces. This pattern of hearing deficiency was noted in 67.7% of patients who had suffered chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, but in only 14% of patients not so affected. (143), in another study in Seattle, found a 30% increase in asthma in children for a 1.2-mg/m3 increment in carbon monoxide that lagged one day. 2126 July 1996; pp. Two questionnaire studies (A and B) of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in North America have been reported by Penney (76). The solubility of carbon monoxide is measured in four different bio-oil compounds (furan, diacetyl, 2-methylfuran, and trans-crotonaldehyde) at temperatures (273.15, 283.15, 298.15, and 323.15 K) and pressures up to 8 MPa using a static-analytical VLE measurement method.The equipment was validated by measuring the solubility of CO 2 in methanol at 298.15 K and pressures (P = 2.9-5.7 MPa). Carbon Monoxide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Solubility At 0 C 3.54 mL/100 mL water At 25 C 2.14 mL/100 mL water *Value indicated is at 0 C, 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg) 1.6 Carbon Monoxide (CAS No. At low COHb levels and in the presence of normal vasomotion and hyperaemia, it has been difficult to understand how carbon monoxide can cause immediate or long-term cellular, tissue and organ damage. Carbon monoxide asphyxiation: a neglected clinical problem. European Commission's INDEX project proposed guidelines: for 1 hour, 30 mg/m3; for 8 hours, 10 mg/m3(78). Simulation of working population exposures to carbon monoxide using EXPOLIS-Milan microenvironment concentration and timeactivity data. In: Penney DG, editor. Carbon monoxide strips oxygen off metal oxides, reducing them to pure metal in high temperatures, forming carbon dioxide in the process. Helfaer & Traystman (71) reviewed the cerebrovascular effects of carbon monoxide in 1996. 0000014446 00000 n COHb levels in the workers most exposed to exhaust gases were 21.1%. The Ellingham diagram shows that CO formation is favored over CO2 in high temperatures. Stieb DM, et al. Incense burning might be a significant contributor to carbon monoxide exposure in cultures where incense is burned frequently, for example in religious rituals. The measured emission rates of carbon monoxide ranged from 144 to 531 mg/hour. H\]k0+zQD(v/~c'/[:X@!9'!oPVJvjk^tgye:e"N^Js Are others in that environment (e.g. (145,146), the occurrence of acute stroke mortality in Seoul is reported to be related to air pollution. ST-segment changes), Chronic epidemiological studies of cardiovascular morbidity (heart attack, congestive heart failure , ischaemic heart disease), Limited or suggestive evidence of a relationship, Low birth weight, congenital defects and infant mortality, Excursions to this level should not occur more than once per day. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The duration was reduced as an inverse function of COHb level. In: Penney DG, editor. An official website of the United States government. The carbon monoxide support study (89) found that only one case out of 77 was correctly identified (i.e. The influence of moderate carbon monoxide poisoning upon the ability to drive automobiles. As a result, this probe has been proved to be able to monitor . Bruinen de Bruin Y, et al. Bell ML, et al. Exposure to higher levels of ambient carbon monoxide (> 6.4 mg/m3, 3-month average) during the last trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk for low birth weight (odds ratio (OR) 1.22; 95% CI 1.031.44) after adjustment for potential confounders, including commuting habits in the monitoring area, sex of the child, level of prenatal care, and the age, ethnicity and level of education of the mother. Compromised brain function, in addition to being an adverse effect in itself, can contribute to sensory impairment that could result in failure to detect signs of danger or could impair decision-making capabilities, leading to an inability to respond appropriately to danger. Carbon monoxide is first dissolved in blood, but is quickly bound to haemoglobin (Hb) to form COHb, which is measured as the percentage of haemoglobin so bound. Kowalska S. State of the hearing and equilibrium organs in workers exposed to carbon monoxide (in Polish). As shown above, tissue oxygenation is determined by (a) the blood oxygen content (inversely proportional to COHb level), (b) the ease of dissociation from blood to tissue (the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve), (c) the volume of blood delivered to tissue and (d) the ability of tissue to utilize the oxygen (tissue respiration). In: Penney DG, editor. Air quality criteria for carbon monoxide. Thus, the presence of any or all of the above combustion gases would exacerbate the effects of carbon monoxide exposure. They found a 6% increase in the rate of hospital admissions for asthma related to carbon monoxide, with a three-day lag. Roles for platelet-activating factor and NO-derived oxidants causing neutrophil adherence after CO poisoning. Follow-up examinations revealed that typical hearing losses improved only slightly or not at all. In this way, COHb continues to increase with continued exposure, leaving pro gressively less haemoglobin available for carrying oxygen. Corresponding authors, a In 2008, Hopkins (95) and Armstrong & Cunningham (96) reviewed the neurocognitive and affective outcomes of carbon monoxide poisoning in adults and children. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure is different from acute exposure in several important respects, as noted above. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and CO in high- and low-density Guatemala villages. 0000002678 00000 n In the Ekblom & Huot study (167), the baseline mean exercise duration was about 5.2 minutes. A survey study of public perceptions about carbon monoxide. A total of 27 793 students were enrolled. Roughton FJW, Darling RC. The experimental values of the solubility of H 2 and. Hay AWM. Environmental toxicants, human exposures and their health effects. Ap/.Wo{tO0nC}S7XI;Zn` h Technology, Office of Data A review of the effect of chronic or intermittent hypoxia on cognition in childhood (125) included carbon monoxide poisoning; it concluded that adverse effects have been noted at even mild levels of oxygen desaturation and that studies of high-altitude and carbon monoxide poisoning provide evidence for causality. This process is responsible for most of the industrial production of acetic acid. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. Nonmetallic environmental toxicants: air pollutants, solvents and vapors. Solubility of carbon monoxide in bio-oil compounds Thom SR, Fisher D, Manevich Y. Accessed March 17, 2018. This parameter more accurately represents the total dose of carbon monoxide received in long-term carbon monoxide exposure, since duration of exposure is explicitly present. Chapter 5.5, carbon monoxide. There was no difference in cognitive outcomes between the two groups. In some cases the disease seemed to progress, although the patients being examined were then in surroundings free from coal gas. Exposure to carbon monoxide may be particularly dangerous for: Depending on the degree and length of exposure, carbon monoxide poisoning can cause: Simple precautions can help prevent carbon monoxide poisoning: Keep your fuel-burning appliances and engines properly vented. To preserve exposure data from experiments and literature reviews, it would seem to be important to report both COHb and exposure concentration and duration. [67] One method developed at DTU Energy uses a cerium oxide catalyst and does not have any issues of fouling of the catalyst.[68][69]. The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in Australian and New Zealand cities. Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. In: Penney DG, editor. The outdoor air carbon monoxide concentration at the point of measurement may be significantly higher or lower than the concentration at the point of ventilation air intake. Furthermore, smoking at increased elevation dramatically increases the extent of the polycythaemia. In: Penney DG, editor. A multicompartment model of carboxyhemoglobin and carboxymyoglobin responses to inhalation of carbon monoxide. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. A smaller number of hearing disturbances (26.7%) were found in patients exposed to carbon monoxide at work but in whom chronic carbon monoxide poisoning could not be confirmed. A majority of the people experienced acute difficulty with headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea and chest pain. This is also relevant because the epidemiological studies (based on 24-hour exposures) using very large databases and thus producing extremely high-resolution findings are now available and indicate important population-level effects at levels that might be lower than the current 8-hour limit. They looked at infants' exposure within 10 km of home, and were able to account for confounding variables including sex, gestational age, maternal smoking and breastfeeding. Recurrent acute life-threatening events and lactic acidosis caused by chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in an infant. He speculates that if only 10% of these appliances give off significant amounts of carbon monoxide that reach the breathing space of residents, as many as 25 000 people every year may be exposed to carbon monoxide in their homes. Quantitative PET scan findings in carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide will also reduce the diffusion of oxygen into tissue via myoglobin by formation of carboxymyoglobin. 1998 Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture", "The application of carbon monoxide in meat packaging needs to be re-evaluated within the EU: An overview", "Proof in the Pink? However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Gupta S, Khare M, Goyal R. Sick building syndrome a case study in a multistorey centrally air-conditioned building in the Delhi City. Carbon monoxide - WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected The lowest concentrations are found in homes, churches and schools at some distance (> 500 metres) from busy traffic and with no indoor sources. Phosgene, useful for preparing isocyanates, polycarbonates, and polyurethanes, is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst. Research Report (Health Effects Institute). Microbiota may also utilize carbon monoxide as a gasotransmitter. Penney DG. Gas-Liquid Solubilities of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide,Hydrogen Flachsbart (84) reviewed ambient and very low concentrations of carbon monoxide on humans more recently. Occult carbon monoxide poisoning in an infant. Kleinman MT. Thus, even though the blood oxygen contents are decreased, in normal people the increased volume of blood tends to keep the amount of oxygen delivered to the brain constant, preventing hypoxia (7174). Raw GJ, et al. This content does not have an English version. There are several health concerns associated with exposure to carbon monoxide. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. When carbon monoxide binds to cytochrome oxidase, it causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Example - in air with normal composition oxygen counts for approximate 20% of the total pressure. trailer the increased arterial blood flow to the brain sufficient to keep tissue oxygen supply nearly constant (73,185). Summary data from five studies on chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. The lack of good doseeffect relationships in the accidental exposure case study reports also suggests alternative mechanisms of causation. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Pirnay F, et al. Since outdoor air inevitably becomes indoor air, some consideration of carbon monoxide levels in outdoor air and their effects on humans are required. The solubility of $\ce {CO}$ in water at 20 C is as low as $\mathrm {30\,mg\cdot L^ {-1 . All solubilities were measured with a constant pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm) of gas above the solutions. (135) (see Hopkins (95)), who prospectively followed 256 patients, 55 with less severe and 201 with more severe carbon monoxide poisoning. The daily average absence rate was 5.09% (SD = 1.54%). As such, it is relatively undetectable. Two cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in children (122,123) have been discussed by White (86) and another (124) by Hay (90). Data covering 4- and 7-year periods were analysed. endstream endobj 30 0 obj<>stream It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuels such as wood, petrol, coal, natural gas and kerosene. Chronic is defined as any exposure lasting more than 24 hours; acute is an exposure of 24 hours or less (76). June 30July 5, 2002; pp. K from, Temperature dependence parameter for Henry's Law constant. other information we have about you. They concluded that carbon monoxide levels produced in vivo when humans are exposed to carbon monoxide can cause endothelial cells to liberate nitric oxide and derived oxidants, and that these products can adversely affect cell physiology. Any person with some form of impaired oxygen uptake and delivery would be more sensitive to the acute hypoxic effects of carbon monoxide exposure. yCP1LAEuhm-1*EH(` This association was noted to be stronger in Los Angeles County. Jetter et al. Bell et al. 0000062040 00000 n 20 0 obj <> endobj Carbon monoxide poisoning Frequently asked questions. There is evidence that carbon monoxide exposure during pregnancy is associated with reduced fetal growth and low birth weight. 0000003545 00000 n 9 9BNCN!!Si)4$79'[4hp88,p88,Ah03].LL{=ttaAAOB= :4h0(`0 Binding of carbon monoxide to other proteins (cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome oxidase) have also been demonstrated, but the dosimetry is unclear and the functional significance appears to be limited to high levels of carbon monoxide exposure (70). For additional details see the Carbon Monoxide (CO) Headquarters web site (http://www.coheadquarters.com/ChronicCO/indexchronic2.htm). Bruce EN, Bruce MC. is dissolved in water. Anderson EW, et al. The effects of carbon monoxide on oxygen metabolism in the brains in awake sheep. It readily combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin which potentially affects gas exchange; therefore exposure can be highly toxic. The majority of patients had a similar pattern of hearing deficiencies. Koehler RC, Jones MD, Traystman RJ. The molecular weight of carbon monoxide (CO) is 28g. Characterization of emissions from burning incense. The amount of carbon monoxide produced by these sources usually isn't cause for concern. C!q?48:5&P x7CcGnT'yhN?7,I|VCk=-LCc%>4?x&O+@f1*cQv u}?/k_\,4poQ\k.G*FFO; Om@;t=Jb@Tj>P)(erC)w%$Q BTH"@"D Lebret E, et al. The process is placed in front of the combustor and works by converting the fuel to a stream of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and then removing CO 2 [33]. Therefore, for each health effect of interest, critical tissue oxygenation must be known. Carbon monoxide, in addition to being an environmental contaminant, is produced endogenously. With reperfusion of the brain, leukocyte adhesion and the subsequent release of destructive enzymes and excitatory amino acids amplify the initial oxidative injury. Pan XC, et al. The ability to avoid or flee danger could also be impaired by carbon-monoxide-induced limitations on exercise. In: WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Air pollution: a new risk factor in ischemic stroke mortality. Effects of ambient air pollution on non-elderly asthma hospital admissions in Seattle, Washington, 19871994. 0000070763 00000 n Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Nitric Oxide as Signaling Molecules in the Gastrointestinal Tract.pdf . Carbon monoxide. DOI: 10.1039/B401537A. PubChem . Nevertheless, even devices using such fuels can cause lethal carbon monoxide intoxication if they are not properly maintained or vented or if air : fuel ratios are not properly adjusted. All rights reserved. Group A1 was exposed to 58291 mg/m3, Group A2 to 701595 mg/m3, Group B to < 23 mg/m3 and Group C to < 12 mg/m3 carbon monoxide in the course of their normal work. [87], The technology was first given "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002 for use as a secondary packaging system, and does not require labeling. The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. 0000021398 00000 n Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Solubility - Chemistry - University of Hawaii Transition metal carbonyls have been recently shown to function as carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) and to elicit distinct pharmacological activ The original Hildebrand solubility parameter () is derived from the Cohesive Energy Density (CED) [4,5] V U 2 CED vap U vap is the energy of evaporation or the cohesive energy and V the molar volume. Here, a 4.5% increase in COHb level reduced the maximum exercise from a total expenditure of about 112 kcal to some 90 kcal. Barrowcliff DF. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning caused by methylene chloride paintstripper. It may not be inferred from these results that effects be low a COHb of 20% are absent; they gradually diminish towards zero at a COHb of zero. Thom SR, et al. Of the less severely poisoned patients, 39% had cognitive deficits at six weeks. Its molecular weight is 28.01 g/mol, melting point 205.1 C, boiling point (at 760 mmHg) 191.5 C (312.7 F), density 1.250 kg/m3 at 0 C and 1 atm and 1.145 kg/m3 at 25 C and 1 atm, and relative density (air = 1) 0.967 (1,2). Helminen T. Om synfaltsforandringar vid kroniska gengasforgiftningar. Thus, hearing disturbances were present in approximately three times as many patients suffering chronic carbon monoxide poisoning as in patients not affected. Moolgavkar SH. The results were expressed in equivalent of estimated COHb. Health risk assessment of indoor air pollution in Finnish ice arenas. Chambers CA, et al. Various fuel-burning appliances and engines produce carbon monoxide. The previous WHO guidelines were established for 15 minutes to protect against short-term peak exposures that might occur from, for example, an unvented stove; for 1 hour to protect against excess exposure from, for example, faulty appliances; and for 8 hours (which is relevant to occupational exposures and has been used as an averaging time for ambient exposures). Approaches to dealing with carbon monoxide in the living environment. The early studies of Beck (98,99), Lindgren (100), Barrowcliff (101), Wilson & Schaeffer (102), Davies & Smith (103), Trese et al. Influence of indoor air quality (IAQ) objectives on air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong. If you want to reproduce the whole article family members or pets living in the same house) displaying similar symptoms? [78] Many pharmaceutical drug delivery initiatives have developed methods to safely administer carbon monoxide, and subsequent controlled clinical trials have evaluated the therapeutic effect of carbon monoxide.[80]. Morris RD, Naumova EN, Munasinghe RL. 9F(`0 The results of our detailed pH-dependent studies are explained consistently by a mechanism in which. Cognitive and affective outcomes of more severe compared to less severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Y,o#PMR$JAwRd62!B-P i1pp'{\{g[[Cr34exw {TM;J"8`2xrp The data examined covered the period 19962004. Adams KF, et al. Walker (130) states that the incidence of chronic carbon monoxide exposure in Great Britain is officially 200 per year, while at the same time 250 000 gas appliances are condemned annually. CO is the leading cause of poisoning deaths in the United States and occurs when there is incomplete combustion of carbon-containing material such as coal, wood, natural gas .
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