No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. [41], The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity. Nationalism and Realism - Sample Homework Pacing (Page numbers are from Spielvogel, 9 th edition) Assignment 1: Napoleon III MindTap: Setting the Scene Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire, pages 658-660 The Second Napoleonic Empire, page 660 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War, pages 660-662 AP Euro Bit by Bit: Who Was Napoleon III? This was only temporary, however, and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. A comparison of the two types of theaters can be demonstrated by showing the traditional floor plan of the Vienna opera house and contrasting it with Wagner's Festspielhaus. Strong interest in software design inter-coupled with lean business development. [59], Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. [] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed [to] in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. They captured Napoleon III and took an entire army as prisoners at Sedan on 1 September 1870. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution: the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people; once the populace was educated as to what was needed, they would accomplish it. Role of prithivi narayan shah in unification of nepal? The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. [107], Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs, the German Empire, strictly speaking, federated a group of 26 constituent entities with different forms of government, ranging from the main four constitutional monarchies to the three republican Hanseatic cities. Agitation by student organizations led such conservative leaders as Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich, to fear the rise of national sentiment. Germany before Unification The HRE was established among 300+ self-governing states, united by language. A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. The Spanish, looking for a suitable Catholic successor, had offered the post to three European princes, each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III, who served as regional power-broker. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform. All Germans are equal before the law. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. This digital interactive notebook for World History & AP Euro . [123], For the 1871 ceremonial event marking completion of unification, see, Administrative areas after the unification of the, Dissolution of the Old Empire by the Napoleonic Continental System, Rise of German nationalism under Napoleon, Congress of Vienna and the rise of German dualism, Emergence of liberal nationalism and conservative response, German revolutions and Polish uprising of 184849, The aborted 184849 German Empire in retrospective analysis, Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmtz, External expectations of a unified Germany, Peace of Prague and the North German Confederation, Unified Italy and Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Open hostilities and the disastrous end of the Second French Empire, War as the capstone of the unification process, Internal political and administrative unification, Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy, Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation, Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the. German liberals were justifiably skeptical of this plan, having witnessed Bismarck's difficult and ambiguous relationship with the Prussian Landtag (State Parliament), a relationship characterized by Bismarck's cajoling and riding roughshod over the representatives. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. [78], Although several German states initially sided with Austria, they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. Unlike liberalism or conservatism, Realpolitik essentially rejected ideology in favor of the most efficacious political or diplomatic response, be it liberal or conservative. italian unification ap european history crash course albert web mar 1 2022 the italian unification refers to the events that took place between 1848 and 1870 on the In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. Kremlin warns against more Western arms for Ukrai A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . AP European History - zum.de [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. The Franco-Prussian War. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. [89] The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. At the same time, the original East Prussian craddle of the Prussian statehood as well as the Prussian-held Polish- or Kashubian-speaking territories of Province of Posen and West Prussia were formally annexed into the North German Confederation, thus Germany. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. [26], Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states. Although it was 6 kilometers (3.7mi) long and only operated in daylight, it proved both profitable and popular. Bismarck was also confronted with problems from religious minorities in Germany, especially from Catholics and Jews. Blackbourn, David. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". Germany, due to its size, speaks for Europe. The next day, the Prussian delegate to the Frankfurt assembly presented a plan calling for a national constitution, a directly elected national Diet, and universal suffrage. [116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. Crimean War in 3 Minutes MindTap: The France of Napoleon . However, proponents of Kleindeutsch, Lesser Germany, argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. [29], Formation of the Zollverein, an institution key to unifying the German states economically, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. The Lower House, the Reichstag, was popularly elected but could not introduce legislation and could only veto the budget, something they were usually unwilling to do. The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadov ("Revenge for Sadova"), illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in Francea problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco-Prussian War. The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. The Unification of Germany and Italy - Students of History The speed of Prussian mobilization astonished the French, and the Prussian ability to concentrate power at specific pointsreminiscent of Napoleon I's strategies seventy years earlieroverwhelmed French mobilization. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. The model of diplomatic spheres of influence resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 181415 after the Napoleonic Wars endorsed Austrian dominance in Central Europe through Habsburg leadership of the German Confederation, designed to replace the Holy Roman Empire. Played 22 times. In 1866, most mid-sized German states had opposed Prussia, but by 1870 these states had been coerced and coaxed into mutually protective alliances with Prussia. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification of Germany? [12], Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). p.302. A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. In 1806, after a successful invasion of Prussia and the defeat of Prussia at the joint battles of Jena-Auerstedt 1806 during the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon dictated the Treaty of Pressburg which included the formal dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the abdication of Emperor Francis II from the nominal reign over it. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. Its impact reached throughout the social order, affecting the highest born to the lowest. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. Mark Nicholas Jones - Co-Founder and CEO/CTO - LinkedIn With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarckand further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havasthe Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. The Union helped to reduce protectionist barriers between the German states, especially improving the transport of raw materials and finished goods, making it both easier to move goods across territorial borders and less costly to buy, transport, and sell raw materials. They would have been Genoese or Sicilian or Veronese. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes . Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. Their own interests, which they understood as "civil" or "bourgeois", seemed irrelevant. The German Confederation could use the ethnicities of the area as a rallying cry: Holstein and Lauenburg were largely of German origin and spoke German in everyday life, while Schleswig had a significant Danish population and history. . We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. . Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. Document Packet Document 1 Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856 Because of the policy of Vienna [the Congress of Vienna, 1815], Germany is clearly too small for us both [Prussia and Austria]; as long as an honorable arrangement concerning the influence of each in Germany cannot be concluded and . They were intended to develop a mythic national history for the new empire, which had no actual political history on which to construct a national identity. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. [2] Following the formal secession from the Empire of the majority of its constituent states, the Emperor dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.[3]. The possibility of German (or Italian) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. [11], Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. Urban middle class "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. Several hapless Hambach speakers were arrested, tried and imprisoned; one, Karl Heinrich Brggemann (18101887), a law student and representative of the secretive Burschenschaft, was sent to Prussia, where he was first condemned to death, but later pardoned. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. 432; Holt, p. 75. A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. 9th Edition. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. This impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the Kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the three independent duchies. Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien ber die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. c. napoleon iii's army invaded prussia and overthrew king wilhelm i. d. austria annexed the northern german states of hesse . Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. [70] To get the German states to unify, Bismarck needed a single, outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first, thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind. The colors black, red and gold were symbolic of this. [10], After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna established a new European political-diplomatic system based on the balance of power. Rural farmer. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. Cambridge University Press.2003. Gramont wrote a sharply formulated ultimatum to Wilhelm, as head of the Hohenzollern family, stating that if any Hohenzollern prince should accept the crown of Spain, the French government would respondalthough he left ambiguous the nature of such response. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. One school of thought, which emerged after The Great War and gained momentum in the aftermath of World War II, maintains that the failure of German liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament led to bourgeoisie compromise with conservatives (especially the conservative Junker landholders), which subsequently led to the so-called Sonderweg (distinctive path) of 20th-century German history. Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example. Good grades in such AP tests can result in the student being granted exemption from certain college freshman courses. This became known as the practice of Kleinstaaterei, or "small-statery". Ap Euro Bismarck Teaching Resources | TPT The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918. The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster, and Metternich refused to ride in one at all. Bismarck used the nationalist movement to increase Prussia's power and began working to eliminate foreign influence, much like the process of unification in Italy. [24] As he had done in 1819, after the Kotzebue assassination, Metternich used the popular demonstration at Hambach to push conservative social policy. [101] Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807;[102] and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment". Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. Ap euro 30 - lecture notes - I a th eERXypROoEfFtCSh 0 The age of ' i Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed, and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the Eider river on 1 February 1864. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). PDF Debates Over Italian Unification Dbq - (PDF) Prussia's defeat of Denmark and annexation of Schleswig-Holstein set Prussia on a collision course with Austria for dominance of central Europe. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. Italian unification dbq ap european history exam 2010 Free Essays Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf. German Unification DBQ - AP European History Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. Unification of German States - Countries - Office of the Historian Meanwhile, Helmuth von Moltke had become chief of the Prussian General Staff in 1857, and Albrecht von Roon would become Prussian Minister of War in 1859. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. The creation of this Borussian myth (Borussia is the Latin name for Prussia) established Prussia as Germany's savior; it was the destiny of all Germans to be united, this myth maintains, and it was Prussia's destiny to accomplish this. The reason is that the world lacks a nation [that] possesses true leadership. Topics Included: German Unification, Italian Unification, Russification, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Industrialization Inventions, The Luddites, Child Labor, Woman's Suffrage, Slavery abolition The following is apart of an entire World History Workbook series. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. [108], The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. [28] The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s, caused by the potato blight (related to the Great Irish Famine) and several seasons of bad weather, encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems. Demonstrates the impact of German unification on the ethnically French region of Alsace. Compare and contrast German and Italian unification - Academia.edu Kuhne, Thomas. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Water transportation also improved. Cambridge University Press.2003. Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands; considerably less educated and less affluent, their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. This led to his brother William becoming prince regent of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1858. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. German Unification | CourseNotes