The team's findings open up a new understanding of the day-to-day lives of the people who shaped the Southwest more than a thousand years ago, said study co-author Robert Weiner. Kram rewrote history when he published a paper showing the Chaco logs were actually much lighter, weighing closer to 200 pounds. Jennifer Ouellette Within the published archaeoastronomy work attention to Pueblo ethnography, archaeological evidence including temporal data, statistical significance, and the consideration of multiple hypotheses has varied widely. World Archaeological Congress Handbook Series. She chanced to record petroglyphs on Fajada Butte at what is now called the Sun Dagger or Three Slab site, now perhaps the most famous site in Chaco Canyon, located at a southeastern facing cliff near the top of Fajada Butte. The duo and their colleagues described their experiment Feb. 22 in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. Aerial and time lapse footage, computer modeling, and interviews with scholars show how the Chacoan culture designed, oriented and located its major buildings in relationship to the sun and moon. Stephen Lekson, Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado Boulder, "The Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico", Rina Swentzell, Architect, Santa Clara Pueblo, News study outlines air pollution from Tijuana sewage, Art Show: 'The Possibility of Something Happening', Current rainy season could be a drought buster, forecaster says, Settlement reached in Tijuana sewage lawsuit, Brittney Griner urges the return of U.S. detainees abroad at NAACP Image Awards, Washington state attorney general says FDA rules on abortion drug are unreasonable, An Arizona driver is in custody after crashing into bicycling group, killing 2, How Cardiff's new farmers market may help keep small farms in business, San Diego officials work to stop elephant poaching. Archeologists estimate that the main architectual landmark, the great Kiva of Chetro Keti, was . One of the characteristics of the human mode of existence shows up in modelling the structures and processes of the world onto the living space, which consists of certain landscapes, locations, and habitations. The film challenges the notion that Chaco Canyon was primarily a trade and redistribution center. Were thrilled to announcethat our award-winning film, The Mystery of Chaco Canyon is nowstreaming on Amazon Prime CLICK HERE, You can now purchase the DVD of our full-length documentary on Amazon CLICK HERE, Rent and stream the full version on Vimeo CLICK HERE. The so-called "great houses" of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico may have taken decades or longer to construct. People relied on an ordered and organized spatiotemporal natural world domesticated in culture, into which human life could be embedded and from which life received a deeper spirit and purpose. While the Chacoans left no written text, their thoughts are preserved in their works. "Tumplines allow one to carry heavier weights over larger distances without getting fatigued," said Wilson, now a medical student at the CU Anschutz Medical Campus. Aerial and time-lapse footage, computer modeling, and interviews with scholars unveil how the Chaco culture designed, located, and oriented their major buildings and roads in relationship to the sun and moon. Kram decided to take proving his theory a stepor haulfurther, though. In and around Chaco Canyon, archaeologists have found ceramic effigies illustrating Puebloan people using tumplines to carry resources, as well as yucca fiber wraps that could be the remains of ancient tumplines.. February 17, 2014 Chaco Canyon in New Mexico is one of the largest archeoastronmical sites in the world. However, we do not guarantee individual replies due to the high volume of messages. Half hour versions of both films are avaliable for teaching (please emailinfo@bullfrogfilms.comfor this option). There is one account of the timbers for Pueblo Bonita being hauled on little wagons made of a small tree, with a cross-section at either end serving as a rudimentary wheel. They first tried carrying a log on their shoulders. (Credit: NPS). As they became more comfortable with their training, we began alternating training days between carrying light loads for greater distances and heavier loads for shorter distances.. WIRED Media Group Shining light on the astronomical brilliance of the austere civilization of Chaco Canyon Narrated by Robert Redford . Jan Bartek - AncientPages.com - In a new study, several researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder reenacted a small part of a trek that people in the Southwest United States may have made more than 1,000 years ago. - Feb 24, 2023 9:00 pm UTC. The study found that about 1 in 6 adult deaths in the U.S. are related to excess weight or obesity. Register to request a quote. It's likely the best way to do it.. He and Wilson decided to read everything they could about the properties of dried wood. I multiplied by 16 feet and realized, That cant add up to 275 kilograms.. "The mountains are the most sacred places for the descendant Din and Pueblo peoples. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. University of Colorado at Boulder. Thousands of people, the ancestors of today's Din, or Navajo, and Pueblo peoples, may have lived there from around A.D. 850 to 1200. Past archaeoastronomy work has had limited influence on such debate. During the same time period, SSE orientation was dominant in the Totah region to the north at sites including Aztec and Chimney Rock. For general inquiries, please use our contact form. For the next 300 or so years, they quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances to build fifteen . The Wall Street Journal'A beautiful piece. CU Boulder researchers have found that airborne coronavirus remains infectious for twice as long in drier airin part because saliva serves as a protective barrier around the virus, especially at low humidity levels. The SSE orientation tradition continued during the peak of Bonito Phase construction activity (A.D. 1020-1100). An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. (Credit: Patrick Campbell/CU Boulder) By Daniel Strain, Nicholas Goda Feb. 22, 2023 James Wilson, left, and Rodger Kram, right, carry a ponderosa pine log weighing more than 130 pounds in Chautauqua Park in Boulder, Colorado. video produced and directed by Anna Sofaer. Credit: Patrick Campbell/CU Boulder, "I cut a 1-foot-long section of pine and weighed it on my bathroom scale," said Kram, who lives on a wooded property in the hills west of Boulder. "It was just debilitating," Kram said. Weiner said the team's results show that supplying Chaco Canyon with goods may not have been as back-breaking an undertaking as archaeologists once assumed. The type of artifacts in the collection include the full range of Chacoan material culture -- prehistoric vessels, stone and bone tools, matting and sandals, ground stone tools for making corn flour, projectile points, hammers and mauls, hoes and digging sticks, corn cobs and turkey bones, and ornaments of shell, Turquoise, jet, and bone. In the process, we get a whole new picture of the intelligence at work behind Chacoan society and its architectureThe Mystery of Chaco Canyon interweaves a narrative that is both attentive to indigenous thought and values, and robustly grounded in the rigors of scientific method. 'From the pyramids and temples of Egypt, to England's Stonehenge, (ancient peoples) locked their buildings to the movements of the sky gods. "I multiplied by 16 feet and realized, 'That can't add up to 275 kilograms.'". These structures offered humans a domestic sphere within a realm of wild nature, ensuring stability, centricity, meaning, security, familiarities, knowledge of controlling, social and power classifications. This film is relevant to secondary- and college-level courses in Social Studies, Earth and Space Science, Traditional Literature, Pueblo Culture, Art, Symbols, and Architecture, . The duo wanted to find out if such a journey would be possible. The site remains one of the most important . It was just debilitating, Kram said. You can unsubscribe at any time and we'll never share your details to third parties. THE MYSTERY OF CHACO CANYON examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. They used a log that weighed 132 pound. Their immense buildings in Chaco Canyon, a remote, barely habitable canyon innorthwestern New Mexico, have been the subject of heated archaeological debate for decades. Many scientists have hypothesized about how the Chacoans might have accomplished this feat. The Mystery of Chaco Canyon is an historical fiction, a mystery and a love story set against the background of the American Civil War in the Southwest. We calculate that probably each of the big timbers took three people and took them about four days to get from where the trees were cut down to where they were used for the construction site, Kram said. Once home to the Ancient Puebloans, Chaco Canyon was a major center of ancestral Puebloan culture between 850 and 1250 A.D. By 1000 A.D., the Chaco culture had firmly established a spiritual, political, and economic center serving the Four Corners area. Landscape, directions, sun and moon, and movement of shadow and light were used by the Chacoan builders to unite with a cosmic order. It fits with all the evidence: they used tumplines, they made the roads very wide, Kram said. Ancient Chaco Canyon population likely relied on imported food, Molecular atlas of spider silk production could help bring unparalleled material to market, Tracing the history of grape domestication using genome sequencing, Students ate less meat in the three years after hearing talk on its negative environmental impacts, Giving plants animal antibodies to help them ward off diseases, Determining the tempo of evolution across species, Science X Daily and the Weekly Email Newsletter are free features that allow you to receive your favorite sci-tech news updates in your email inbox. In Handbook of Landscape Archaeology, edited by Bruno David and Julian Thomas, pp. He and Wilson weren't trying to start a new exercise fad. The teaching materials in the Guide are designed to be used with the film THE MYSTERY OF CHACO CANYON. Weiner said the teams results show that supplying Chaco Canyon with goods may not have been as back-breaking an undertaking as archaeologists once assumed. Airs Wednesday, July 3, 2019 at 11 p.m. on KPBS TV. Archaeologist Bill Lipe thinks religion was a . The ancient Native American ruins of a Great House in Chaco Culture National Historical Park Use this form if you have come across a typo, inaccuracy or would like to send an edit request for the content on this page. They attempted their final test on a forest road leading to Gross Reservoir southwest of Boulder, carrying the timber using tumplines on either end. Rina Swentzell, Architect, Santa Clara Pueblo, Sofaer, Anna (film director) Murphy said it's not uncommon to see lights moving among the ruins or to hear sounds coming from parts of the canyon.. It is the summation of 20 years of research. 2023 Cond Nast. During the same period, the first cardinal NS and EW architectural alignments were also completed. The Mystery of Chaco Canyon. Refereed proceedings of The Oxford VI International Conference on Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy and Culture and SEAC in 1999, Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the American Southwest, The Architecture of Chaco Canyon, edited by Stephen Lekson, Kim Malville, J. McKim Malville, Andy Munro, The Southwest School of Landscape Archaeology, Memory, Meaning, and Masonry: The Late Bonito Chacoan Landscape, Anasazi solar marker: The use of a natural rockfall, Religious Behavior in the Post-Chaco Years, The Housing of the World: About the Significance of Cosmographic Concepts for Habitation, The Astronomical Context of the Archaeology and Architecture of the Chacoan Culture, 2006 National Conference on the Beginning Design Student An Inquiry into the Intersection and Fusion of Astronomical Alignments and Sacred Geometry in the Design Process of Architecture, Foundation Studio, Naked-Eye Astronomy for Cultural Astronomers (2008), The Hooper Ranch Pueblo Sun Dagger Shrine Revisited - Revealing Greater Regional Significance, Possible astronomical references in the planning of the Great Hopewell Road, Visions of the Cosmos: Ceremonial Landscapes and Civic Plans (2008), Pueblo Folklore, Landscape Phenomenology and the Visual Poetics of Fajada Butte, Astronomy and the Design of Late Bonito Great Houses at Chaco Canyon, ARCHAEOASTRONOMY IN THE FIELD; METHODOLOGIES APPLIED IN CHACO CANYON, Ancestors and the sun: astronomy, architecture and culture at Chaco Canyon, 2013. Scientists may have solved a Chaco Canyon mystery by hauling logs with their heads James Wilson, left, and Rodger Kram, right, use tumplines to carry a log weighing more than 130 pounds in Boulder's Chautauqua Park. The complexes also featured large circular ceremonial areas called kivas. They built "Great Houses," which were as much as four stories tall and contained hundreds of rooms. Archaeology February 22, 2023 How scientists hauling logs on their heads may have solved a Chaco Canyon mystery by Daniel Strain, University of Colorado at Boulder James Wilson, left, and. I cut a section that was one foot long and I weighed it on my bathroom scale. Workable solstice horizon calendars are now confirmed at Casa Chiquita, Kin Kletso, Headquarters Site A, Wijiji, Bis saani, and 125 m from Roberts Small Pueblo at 29SJ 2538/2539. Ever since she discovered the Sun Dagger, Anna Sofaer and her Solstice Project team of researchers have been exploring the enigmas posed by the massive prehistoric ruins in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. For years archaeologists have assumed that Chaco Canyon was primarily an ancient trading center. See page 43 of attached scanned book. The number, Kram discovered, could be traced back to a study published in the 1980s. Dr. Brad Eden, UNLV, MC Journal'Make(s) a compelling case for this ancient people's astronomical prowess. The number, Kram discovered, could be traced back to a study published in the 1980s. The Mystery of Chaco Canyon Unveiling the Ancient Astronomy Educational documentaries Follow Browse more videos Playing next 55:42 The Mystery of Chaco Canyon Unveiling the Ancient Astronomy Educational documentaries 0:32 Sacred Tattoos of Thailand: Unveiling the Magic, Power and Mystery of Thailand's Ancient Tattoos pointed out that there's no clear evidence that the residents of Zuni Pueblo share cultural connections with the people who once inhabited Chaco Canyon. To test that hypothesis, co-authors Rodger Kram and James Wilson spent the summer of 2020 training until they could haul a heavy log some 15 miles using tumplines. But how this society got its construction supplies has been a long-standing mystery. We can remove the first video in the list to add this one. Neither your address nor the recipient's address will be used for any other purpose. I cut a 1-foot-long section of pine and weighed it on my bathroom scale, said Kram, who lives on a wooded property in the hills west of Boulder. Dec 3, 2018. Riddle Of The Ancient Sarcophagus And Its Strange Properties Can Science Solve This Mystery? Copyright 2023 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), all rights reserved. Joan Mathien, Archaeologist, National Park Service'I rate this video a MUST-SEE for anyone interested in southwestern prehistory.' The Mystery of Chaco Canyon. Left Coat Press, Walnut Creek CA. They hit a hiking pace with the log of just under 3 mphnot much slower than their normal walking speed. 1999. June 12, 2022 . Summaries America's Stonehenge? New Mexico PBS has broadcast this full-length documentary more than 90 times. Chaco Canyon sits near the border between New Mexico and Colorado. It was a long, hard day.. "As these guys showed, you don't have to be super trained to carry a log," he said. 22K views 1 year ago The Mystery Of Chaco Canyon examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, revealing that. One of the tribes, the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, has increased its efforts to stop the project. The irritation paid off. Jen is a web producer at KPBS, responsible for program promotion, online membership-related activities, and is the editor of the KPBS community calendar. It is the summation of 20 years of research. In a 2022 study, they and their colleagues estimated that a pine log measuring about 16 feet long probably weighed closer to 85 kilograms (a little over 185 pounds). Adjust the colors to reduce glare and give your eyes a break. Examines the enigmas presented by the prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. The site is an artifact of the Pueblo peoples of north america and is now a protected national heritage site. And they decided to test whether the journey was possible themselves. The astonishing discovery of an ancient celestial calendar in Chaco Canyon,, Tells the story of three indigenous communities and the land they struggle, An in-depth portrait of Edward S. Curtis, the preeminent photographer, 2023 Docuseek, LLCAll rights reserved | Privacy Statement | Accessibility Statement, astronomy, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico,; cosmology, Pueblo Bonito,; Robert Redford, architecture, solstice, sun, moon, petroglyphs, native americans, sun dagger, lunar cycle, equinox, celestial calendar, archaeology, Anasazi, Hopi, archaeology, art history, architecture,"The Mystery of Chaco Canyon",Bullfrog Films,doc; history; science; religion. Read About our Chaco Tours in 360 West Magazine Article, The Dallas News, Adventure Pro Magazine and Cowboys & Indians. We chose a forest road up here in the foothills and outside of Nederland and we walked up and down this darn road. Music by Michael Stearns. The one hour documentary, narrated by Robert Redford . CNMN Collection Colorado scientists form a better picture after uncovering the earliest known female infant burial site in Europe, U.S. Officials To Put Off Oil Leases Near Sacred Tribal Land. This film describes and demonstrates the intricate and precise astronomical alignments among the many buildings spread over a wide desert area. As a person who studies biomechanics and physiology of the human body, I was like, that's crazy, Kram said. It's now a Guinness World Record, Hundreds of students march on the Colorado Capitol to demand action on gun violence, Nevada tribe claims desecration as digging begins at site of planned lithium mine, What was life like 10,000 years ago? THE MYSTERY OF CHACO CANYON examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. Chaco Canyon, located in northwest New Mexico, is perhaps the only site in the world constructed in an elaborate pattern that mirrors the yearly cycle of the sun and the 19-year cycle of the moon. The Mystery of Chaco Canyon examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. Thousands of people, the ancestors of todays Din, or Navajo,and Pueblo peoples, may have lived there from around A.D. 850 to 1200. "Once we corrected the mass of the timbers," Wilson said, "that changed almost everything about how many people were required to carry those timbers, how much time it would take to cover 60 miles.". A 1925 publication featured a photograph depicting eight young men from Zuni Pueblo carrying a log: four on each side holding thin cross-poles at hip height, with the log laid on top. It seemed unrealistically high to him. He read a statistic suggesting that the mass of a typical roof beam, or "viga," in a Chacoan Great House likely averaged around 275 kilograms (more than 600 pounds). The teams findings open up a new understanding of the day-to-day lives of the people who shaped the Southwest more than a thousand years ago, said study co-author Robert Weiner. Anna Sofaer, producer and director of the Robert Redford-narrated documentaries The Sun Dagger (1982) and The Mystery of Chaco Canyon (2000), gives a 6:30 p.m. lecture on Thursday, Jan. 24. The duo and their colleagues described their experiment Feb. 22 in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. By creating an account, you acknowledge that PBS may share your information with our member stations and our respective service providers, and that you have read and understand the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. CU Boulder Today is created by Strategic Relations and Communications. In the process, we get a whole new picture of the intelligence at work behind Chacoan society and its architectureThe Mystery of Chaco Canyon interweaves a narrative that is both attentive to indigenous thought and values, and robustly grounded in the rigors of scientific method. These straps, which sherpas, or native mountain peoples of Nepal, still widely use today, loop over the top of the head. Dr. Gerald S. Hawkins, Commissioner, History of Astronomy, International Astronomical Union'A captivating look at one of the most impressive archaeological sites in North AmericaAnna Sofaer reveals the solar and lunar complexity of Chacoan buildings with impressive visual economy and clarity. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. THE MYSTERY OF CHACO CANYON examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. I felt that in opening the sealed rooms, the purpose of the rooms and their having been sealed being unknown to the archaeologists, something that had been meant to be kept there was being released. I am the Rural and Small Communities Reporter at KUNC. Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. [DVD] examines the deep enigmas presented by the massive prehistoric remains found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. In a new study, several researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder reenacted a small part of a trek that people in the Southwest United States may have made more than 1,000 years ago. Building upon Hayes and Leksons assessments of orientations, temporal analysis of these four traditions may improve our understanding of shifting patterns of multi-cultural collaboration and dominance among ancestral Pueblo groups. The actual demonstration was to try and walk a long distance carrying 66 pounds per person, walking side by side, Kram said. Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information A potential calendrical station located in the vicinity of Peasco Blancos McElmo ruin is yet to be confirmed. Symbolically, the centerline of each of the three nearby Hooper Ranch Pueblo kivas aligns with this ancient Sun Dagger shrine. "Maybe the best way is to do it yourself.. Cinematography by Steve Bannister [and 15 others]; computer animation by the Imaging Research Center; music, Michael Stearns; editor, Matt Dibble. Instead, they were hoping to solve an archaeological mystery that has perplexed researchers for decades: How did ancient peoples transport more than 200,000 heavy construction timbers over 60 miles to a famous site in the Southwest called Chaco Canyon? The Mystery of Chaco Canyon is valuable, respectful, and decent. Chaco Canyon sits near the border between New Mexico and Colorado. These straps, which sherpas, or native mountain peoples of Nepal, still widely use today, loop over the top of the head. The mountains are the most sacred places for the descendant Din and Pueblo peoples. Concepts of housing the world are implemented in the architecture of lodgings, cultic buildings, settlements, territories, and the artificial shaping of the landscape. Two hours later a rock chimney allows a narrow beam of sunlight to pass through, forming a Sun Dagger that illuminates the petroglyphs beneath it in a dynamic manner, similar to the solar marker located upon Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon. "Some people baked sourdough bread during COVID, Instead, we carried sand and heavy logs around using our heads," said Kram, who is a passionate runner in his free time. Kram got interested in Chaco Canyon several years ago. Rodger Kram, associate professor emeritus of integrative physiology, and James Wilson, then an undergraduate studying biochemistry, spent the summer of 2020 training for an impressive test of endurance: Together, they carried a ponderosa pine log weighing more than 130 pounds for 15 miles up and down a forest road in Boulder County, Coloradoand they did it using only their heads in a technique inspired, in part, by sherpas in Nepal. Join this. Most large complexes had four or five stories and averaged over 200 rooms, with the largest boasting as many as 700 rooms. These achievements emerged a thousand years ago in the exceptionally demanding environment of New Mexicos San Juan Basin. He and Wilson weren't trying to start a new exercise fad. The so-called "great houses" of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico may have taken decades or longer to construct. Most of the putative lunar standstill and June solstice sunrise alignments comprise a subset of this SSE facing group. Jen has worked at KPBS since 2000. These straps, which sherpas, or native mountain peoples of Nepal, still widely use today, loop over the top of the head. Each attached a tumpline to one end of that log to share the load. New CU Boulder research finds that overweight populations have a 22% higher mortality risk than those of healthy weight, while obese populations have as much as double the risk. Did you know the U.S. has a pre-historic Puebloan place of mystery that has . James Wilson and Rodger Kram carry a log with tumplines with the Boulder Foothills in the background. They help porters to support weight using the bones of their neck and spine rather than their muscles. Focusing on the enigmatic monumental center at Chaco Canyon, the book provides a historical analysis of how Southwest archaeology confined itself, how it can break out of those confines, and how it can proceed into the future. 56 minutes, ColorGrade Level: 7-12, College, AdultUS Release Date: 1999; Copyright Date: 1999ISBN: 1-56029-812-XDirected by Anna SofaerProduced by The Solstice ProjectNarrated by Robert RedfordWritten by Anna Sofaer and Matt DibbleMusic by Michael Stearns. 56 minutes, color. Archaeological evidence suggests that ancient peoples in the Southwest employed tumplines woven from yucca plants to transport everyday items like food and water. The team's findings open up a new understanding of the day-to-day lives of the people who shaped the Southwest more than a thousand years ago, said study co-author Robert Weiner. Some people baked sourdough bread during COVID. Pueblo leaders speak of the significance of Chaco to the Pueblo world today.The film challenges the notion that Chaco Canyon was primarily a trade and redistribution center. Chaco Canyon - Pueblo Bonito So there is lots of mystery surrounding Chaco Canyon. The Solstice Project and Anna Sofaer give us a new view of Chaco Canyon and ancient North America correcting long-standing prejudices: the colonial insistence of savages on a continent that was, in fact, teeming with cities and civilizations Sometimes it takes a jolt or shock to open our eyes to reality, and the Solstice Project has been high amperage. Stephen Lekson, Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado Boulder, editor of "The Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico", "I am grateful to Anna Sofaer for involving me in her decades-long passion to explain this extraordinary and magical place." Explore how the Chacoan people expressed a complex solar and lunar cosmology in their archMoreMore, Chaco Canyon, located in northwest New Mexico, is perhaps the only site in the world constructed in an elaborate pattern that mirrors the yearly cycle of the sun and the 19-year cycle of the moon. Visit the Chaco Web Exhibit. To make sure they were being safe, Kram and Wilson started with light loads and worked their way up, said Joseph Carzoli, a study co-author and certified strength and conditioning coach. What is known is that beginning around the mid-800s, Chaco people began building here, creating multi-story stone buildings on a grand scale. part may be reproduced without the written permission. It proved worthwhile, though, because their efforts helped prove that the multiple-tumpline method was viable. It is the summation of 20 years of research. The consistency of cosmological and solstitial references among Late Bonito Phase Great Houses at Chaco indicates that the Late Bonito Chacoan elites power may have rested in part on esoteric astronomical knowledge, and an elevated cultural status for solar events.
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