What about other students in the class that you know? b. the pleasure principle. 118. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. 2.3.1.2. 21. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? The nervous system. b. modeling. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com a. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? The cognitive model of panic disorder focuses on misinterpretations of. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. 1. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. Behaviorally test your thought. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. 115. b. cognitive-behavioral Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. d. synapses. Is there merit to this view? However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. b. humanistic-existential. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? The existential perspective. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. 44. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. 15. b. self-actualizing. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. 32. a. b. a distorted view of the self. d. projection. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. Some researchers have manipulated the behaviors and thoughts of study participants to create clinical-like symptoms. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. 16. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. 164. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. 2.2.2.2. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. I know my grandmother used to. Module 6: Dissociative Disorders - Fundamentals of Psychological Disorders D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Key features of the perspective include a belief in human perfectibility, personal fulfillment, valuing self-disclosure, placing feelings over intellect, an emphasis on the present, and hedonism. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. 107. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. 37. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). c. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. This is called the absolute refractory period. c. denial. See Figure 2.4 below. 2.3.2.1. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. c. cognitive-behavioral therapy. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. Second, consider the very interesting social psychology topic attribution theory, or the idea that people are motivated to explain their own and other peoples behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to personal reasons or dispositional factors that are in the person themselves or linked to some trait they have; or situational factors that are linked to something outside the person. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. a. a. cognitive-behavioral 12. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. If I do X, then Y will happen. b. people are naturally inclined to live positively. b. ones values and goals. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. b. early childhood trauma. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. multicultural. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. They are tied to experiences early in life. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. A biological theorist studies a psychological disorder through the interconnectivity of an entire network of brain structures. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? c. sociocultural. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. d. synapses. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? c. tertiary prevention. 36. 2.2.3.1. Unconditioned means unlearned. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. c. existential According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? d. catharsis. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. a. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. 29. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. What is learning? c. gestalt therapy. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. countertransference. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. Figure 2.8. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. 2.2.1.3. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. d. cognitive-behavioral. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). c. paradigms. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. b. humanistic. b. Freud. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. 129. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? a. modeling 158. Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. d. Freud. 161. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? c. enmeshed. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. a. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Communication in the Nervous System. 2.3.2.2. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. What is that factor? b. c. superego. d. Bandura. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. 59. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. c. The receiving neurons fire. c. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. Existential therapy is used to treat substance abuse, excessive anxiety, apathy, alienation, nihilism, avoidance, shame, addiction, despair, depression, guilt, anger, rage, resentment, embitterment, purposelessness, psychosis, and violence. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. The answer is yes and no, depending on whether we are talking about continuous or partial reinforcement. Cognitive therapies. b. self-actualization. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. 2.2.1.1. d. secondary process thought. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. c. double-blind studies. 93. a. id b. ego c. superego d. personality. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. b. resistance. What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. c. role-playing. The development of personality. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do, say, or think/feel) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. Which model is MOST likely to predict that transference will occur during therapy? d. humanistic. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? The structure of personality. Figure 2.2. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. 65. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. a. Perls. c. A boy is internally motivated to put forth his best effort on his science project. a. existential The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. b. ego. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? Conditioning is when learning occurs. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? b. exposure therapy. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. d. disengagement. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. 112. A reliance on medication for treatment and belief that psychological illness is much like physical illness. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. d. classical conditioning. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. b. existential therapy. 3. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. a. sharing advice b. analyzing dreams c. developing insights d. building social skills.