micrococcus luteus biochemical tests micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. The agglutinability of the cells with antiserum containing anti-teichuronic acid antibody was examined. Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. After it was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq at the UAF Core lab, I used the online program Base Space to analyze the reads that I got from sequencing. The large polysaccharide molecule starch contains two parts, amylose and amylopectin, these are rapidly hydrolyzed using a hydrolase called alpha-amylase to produce smaller molecules: dextrins, maltose, and glucose. Coagulase Results: What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? They are catalase and oxidase positive whereas urease negative. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. Biochemical Tests in Microbiology Student Name Date 1 Lot Number(s) Record the lot numbers for each bacterial . Most of the species produce carotenoid pigments. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. Micrococcus spp. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (ab288102) | Abcam Isolates of the M. luteus have been found to overproduce the riboflavin, Micrococcus Luteus Gram Stain Characteristics, Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. - ResearchGate These results might not be trustworthy. Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx - Biochemical Pr Bacteria Collection: NCTC 4351 Micrococcus luteus - Culture Collections Gram Stain:Gram-positive cocci, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus. Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx - Biochemical Tests in DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. These discrepancies could be due to human error, unpure culture, or an old agar plate. They are generally strict aerobes and these can generally reduce nitrate concentration. AACC.org The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. Source publication +9 Isolation and Identification of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Living Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Sold in. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living in such a nice, wet, and aerated place as my shower drain. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. // This test had VP, HIP, ESC, PYRA, aGAL, bGUR, bGAL, PAL, LAP, ADH, RIB, ARA, MAN, SOR, LAC, TRE, INU, RAF, AMD, and GLYG tests. Bacteria Identification, Culture and Biochemical Techniques on Lab This would be read K/NC. An interesting remaining family member, Microoccus antarcticus, was isolated from Antarctica, and is capable of growing at 4C. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. I repeated this process three more times to further purify the colony. 570 . Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Oral microbial flora of reptiles includes bacteria from Proteus, Porphyromonas, Micrococcus, Salmonella and Staphylococcus genera 5,8,15. Notice that beta-hemolysis results in a total lysis or clearing of the agar in the area of colony growth. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. What are the Diseases that are Caused By Micrococcus? 1. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. The colony took 16 days to be purified. They are indole negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, and citrate negative. Staphylococcus spp. Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. I used an oxidase test strip and water to determine if cytochrome C oxidase was present, and performed a catalase test to determine if catalase was present. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). These can indicate that the genus of the Micrococcus is more closely related to the genus Arthrobacter than it is to other coccoid genera such as Staphylococcus and Planococcus. They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. Wikipedia contributors. The Genus Micrococcus | SpringerLink Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. (2) Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus has a substantial cell wall in which it may comprise as much as 50% of the cell mass. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. Micrococcus spp. They are positive for catalase and oxidase ( modified). They contain cytochromes and are resistant to lysostaphin. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive, to Gram-variable, motile -non motile, that are 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter and usually arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters. It grew in circular, entire, convex and creamy yellow pigmented colonies heaving 0.5-2.5 diameter. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci referred to as viridans (green) streptococci are examples of bacteria producing alpha-hemolysis. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. // M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. The laboratory assay is performed by mixing a sample of the bacterial colony with a drop(s) of hydrogen peroxide placed on a microscope slide. We were aiming to isolate a bacterium from this initial environmental sample by using repeated quadrant streaks to isolate single species colonies, therefore producing a pure culture that we could do a multitude of tests on which include Gram staining, genetic analysis and antibiotic testing along with many other tests. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. They grow on simple media and their colonies are usually pigmented. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, which can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria like most Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. The Gram stain, while it was gram variable, does not ideally match with the genetic test that resulted in Micrococcus luteus, which can be gram variable but is usually gram positive (Bonjar). Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . Thus, when dealing with Micrococcus infections, it usually takes several cultures that are being grown and examined before one realizes that Micrococcus is indeed the culprit. . They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . Micrococcus spp. Mannitol Salt Agar: Principle, Uses, and Results - Microbe Online Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. Muralytic activity of Micrococcus luteus Rpf and its relationship to The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. . Micrococcus luteus | Taxonomy - PubChem Apologies, we are having some trouble retrieving data from our servers. Micrococcus and Kocuria species are common human commensals. It may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Once the culture was deemed pure enough, I inoculated a slant tube. Its genome has a high G + C content. The MacConkey agar showed very little growth, and did not have a change in color, indicating that the microbe was gram positive and not a fermenter. Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. When looking at the antibiotic test results, the isolate is resistant to none of the applied antibiotics, and is only lightly to intermediately resistant to oxacillin. Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. PDF Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology If acid is produced, the pH indicator will turn yellow. This would be read as K/A. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. 1. Some streptococci also possess unique cell wall carbohydrate antigens that can be identified by reactivity with specific indicator antibodies in an agglutination assay (Lancefield typing). As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. The family, Micrococcaceae, has been shrinking. It is essential for differentiating catalase-positive Micrococcaceae from catalase-negative Streptococcaceae. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly they are aerobic cocci that are belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. A summary table is included which lists the results of the identification criteria discussed in the tutorial. I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. . The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). Ans: Micrococci, like many other representatives of the Actinobacteria, can be catabolically versatile, with the ability to utilize a wide range of unusual substrates, such as herbicides, pyridine, chlorinated biphenyls, and oil. Biochemical Tests LAB REPORT.docx - Biochemical Tests in So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. Shape (Cocci/Diplococci/Rods) Cocci. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus: Introduction, Differentiating Fea The colony morphology is the same as well, being round, shiny, and sort of flat (Medical Laboratories). The identified reads only made up a total of twenty seven percent of the total reads, but the majority of those reads were for M. luteus. Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. Micrococcus luteus - Citizendium Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. The categorization of the Gram-positive cocci based on their possession of the enzyme catalase, a quality which can be easily assayed in the lab. Staphylococci are either producers of the enzyme coagulase or non-producers. Culture Characteristics: Colonies are shades of yellow or red. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. 1995; Wieser et al. I performed a Gram stain test to identify if the bacterium was gram negative or positive, as described in the Lab 4 handout. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism. The oxidase test tests to see if the microbe contains cytochrome c oxidase. Staphylococcus epidermidis contains cytochrome c which leads to turned purple after oxidation. 7.1: Introduction to Biochemical Tests Part I - Biology LibreTexts Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, Author: Karen Krisher I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. U.S. 2022 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage,[5][6] which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that is an important part of the group of microorganisms causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females. In a temporal study by Kloos and Musselwhite (1975), it was found that micrococci usually constituted from 1 to 20% of the total aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of the head, legs, and arms, but less than 1% of those isolated from the high bacterial density areas of the nares and axillae. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. . PUGVIEW FETCH ERROR: 403 Forbidden National Center for Biotechnology Information 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA Contact Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health The sample was then sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq technology in UAFs DNA Core Lab. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. Micrococcus luteus - Microbiology - University of Alaska Fairbanks Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Millions of microbes live both on and in the human body and can both make help us survive or make us sick, less than 1% of bacteria cause disease (What are microbes, 2010). Further biochemical tests to identify include the catalase and oxidase test, and typical tests of a "colorful series . Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. They can be found in boiling hot springs; they can be found in frigid waters in the artic. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. ? [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. Micrococcus - microbewiki - Kenyon College document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. For the second control, 100 L of water sample dilutions were plated on agar-agar. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories.