Establishing a diagnosis of LPFB requires that there are no clinical or ECG criteria of right ventricular hypertrophy present. In adults, the normal QRS axis is considered to be within -30 and 90. Normal Axis = QRS axis between -30 and +90.
Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left - ECG & ECHO Retrieved 2022-10-25. National Library of Medicine (15 years since implantation) and its dangerous proximity to the LAD. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Adult electrodes will overlap and potentially cause inaccurate . What might it mean for a patient to have extreme left axis deviation (-97 deg) but on a later ecg have extreme right axis deviation (188 deg)?
AHA Releases Recommendations on Cardiovascular Monitoring and - AAFP PMC Among 67,375 Air Force men without symptoms, Hiss and associates found a frontal plane QRS axis of 30 to 90 degrees in 128 (1.9 percent).
PDF Axis Deviation/Heart Blocks - Tampa General Hospital if you have further questions to ask or if theres anything you want to contribute or correct to this article. Heart infection (myocarditis). It is characterized by all of the following: left-axis deviation with frontal qrs axis between -45 degrees and -90 degrees; q wave in lead avl; rs in inferior leads ; qrs duration is ; 120 ms. The top EKG shows a reading of a person with a healthy heart. I am 24 year old 4 days ago I have done an ECG which shows results as Sinus Rhythm Marked Right axis Deviation.
What does axis deviation on ECG mean? - KnowledgeBurrow.com A comprehensive collection of clinical examination OSCE guides that include step-by-step images of key steps, video demonstrations and PDF mark schemes. #mc_embed_signup { In reality, this term is meaningless and . Right axis deviation (RAD) involves the direction of depolarisation being distorted to the right (between +90 and +180). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. If the QRS complex in lead II is positive, this indicates a normal axis. If the electrical axis falls between the values of -30 to +90 this is considered normal. deviation (LAD) when associated with myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy and/or. Right ventricular hypertrophy is actually more common than LPFB and may cause ECG findings similar to LPFB. and left axis deviation with a QRS duration of 180 ms (Figure 2). 8600 Rockville Pike (2021) van der Ree et al.
Hemiblocks Revisited | Circulation Diabetes Care. Note that left-axis deviation on the ECG may appear in both pregnant and obese patients. org. This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II. However, the P wave or T wave axis can also be measured. LAFB occurs when the anterior fascicle of the left bundle branch is unable to conduct electrical signals.
LAD(Left axis deviation) : #mc-embedded-subscribe-form .mc_fieldset { Some dangerous heart rhythms are: . The quadrant technique, which looks at lead aVF, and Lead I is the simplest. Left axis deviation (LAD) discovered in children via electrocardiogram (ECG) is uncommon but can be associated with heart disease (HD). DONT FORGET these 3 key components of the cardiovascular exam for your upcoming OSCEs Save this video to watch later and dont forget to follow Geeky Medics! is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you.
2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code I44.4: Left anterior fascicular block After birth, the electrical axis gradually normalizes (as the left ventricle becomes larger), which means that it falls between -30 and +90. (axis between +180 and -90 degrees). display: inline; In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90. Borderline generally means that findings on a given test are in a range that, while not precisely normal, are not significantly abnormal either. Q:What is left axis deviation reported in the ECG?
What is the meaning of left axis deviation in an ECG? - Doctor.ndtv.com We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads toleft anterior fascicular block. LAD is usually caused by conduction abnormalities. Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. Can I undergo another hernioplasty with my heart disease? Extreme Axis Deviation = QRS axis between -90 and 180 (AKA "Northwest Axis") < ..^^>. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90. A research was carried out, and the results were that the development of left axis deviation in people of 40-59yr of age, independent of blood pressure is a significant predictor of ischemic heart disease events that are usually manifest 5-10yr after the onset of this electrocardiographic abnormality. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.
Left axis deviation - PubMed Retrieved 2022-10-25., symptoms may include palpitations, weariness, dizziness, chest discomfort (particularly with exercise), shortness of breath, or fainting. Electrocardiograms are used by doctors to diagnose a variety of cardiac problems. If there is sinus rhythm, and the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute, then sinus bradycardia is present. Here are the rules for interpreting a left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). Got an ecg done on advice of a doctor. The mean QRS axis during the first 4 weeks of life is +110 degrees or more.104 After 1 month the average axis is less than +90 degrees (although a significant number of children still have a QRS axis of up to +110 degrees). We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@geekymedics Normal Axis = QRS axis between -30 and +90, Right Axis Deviation = QRS axis greater than +90, Extreme Axis Deviation = QRS axis between -90 and 180 (AKA Northwest Axis), Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. 2023 Jan; 15(1):e33904. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies what is that? Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2005 Dec;98(12):1232-8. - Is Left Axis Deviation ECG Dangerous or Can LAD Cause Death? But the heart does have some ability to make new muscle and possibly repair itself. With poor R wave progression the transition comes later than it should. Block in the posteriorfascicle causes leftposteriorfascicular block (LPFB). In borderline LAD group though mean BP and lipid values were normal, FPG was impaired. Check with your doc. What is the normal range of pus cells in the urine of children? What is the association between H. pylori and development of. Can my father undergo mitral valve replacement? what does this mean? The limits of axis deviations are as such arbitrary and the approximate degree of axis itself can be easily determined. And always remember that Healthsoothe is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you. Is HIV a double or single stranded virus?
Late Incidental Discovery of Compression of the Left Anterior If you'd like to support us and get something great in return, check out our awesome products: YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LjMxakdNallNcng0, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkJPVjVZMzBKczY4, YouTube Video VVVram5yRUhROGJRUW1sZk5kQVFDXzV3LkxEM2VkQzB2NTBr, Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Examination OSCE Guide, Pre-hospital Advanced Life Support (ALS) OSCE Guide, Adult Choking (Basic Life Support) OSCE Guide, Paediatric Intravenous Cannulation OSCE Guide, Intrauterine System (Mirena) Counselling OSCE guide. #mergeRow-gdpr fieldset label { (between -30 and -90 degrees) A right heart axis is present when lead I is negative and AVF positive. A collection of interactive medical and surgical clinical case scenarios to put your diagnostic and management skills to the test. More information about the ECG axis can be found in the basics section. Methods: When increasing the muscle mass of the left ventricle, there is a greater voltage of the R wave in left precordial leads (V5-V6), and a deep S wave in right precordial leads (V1-V2)..
Right Axis Deviation - Questions about Right Axis Deviation on JustAnswer An impairment of transmission of the cardiac electrical impulse along the fibers of the left anterior fascicle. An abnormal ECG can mean many things. An EKG/ECG is a representation of the electrical activity of the heart muscle as it changes with time. As a result, a thorough history of acute cardiac injury is critical.
Left ventricular hypertrophy - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Do I need to change medicines after angioplasty? Its presence should alert medical directors and underwriters to the possibility of underlying structural heart disease. www.heart.org. Left anterior fascicular block is one of the commonest causes of left axis deviation and has specific ECG criteria for its diagnosis. Moderate left-axis deviation is between -30 and -45.
Is left axis deviation serious? - Studybuff It should not occur, likely technical error such as wrong lead location in one of 2 tests or both. The site is secure. government site. In these cases, your heart will return to its usual size after treatment. The QRS axis is the most important to determine. Cardiac: Differential diagnosis: Other important EKG clues: Normal Variant: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 or V6 3.5 mV (35 mm) R wave in aVL 1.1 mV (11 . As a result, blood pressure in the heart increases. As a result, you see a positive deflection in all of these leads, with lead II showing the most positive deflection as it is the most closely aligned to the overalldirection of electrical spread. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Response to ECG Challenge.
Left ventricular hypertrophy - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic The electrical axis will be more positive than 90 (right axis deviation). If you'd like to support us, check out our awesome products: You don't need to tell us which article this feedback relates to, as we automatically capture that information for you. In this study, we aimed to determine (1) the p. To understand the cardiac axis, one must first discover the connection between both the QRS axis and the ECG limb leads.
Left Axis Deviation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), a pattern (formerly called left anterior hemiblock) seen on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), results when normal electrical activity in the His-Purkinje system is delayed or interrupted ().The normal sequence of activation is altered in LAFB, with a resultant characteristic appearance on the ECG, associated with marked left axis .
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on the Electrocardiogram - My EKG This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II.. Left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition in electrocardiography in which the average electrical axis of the ventricular contraction of the heart rests in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 901https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_axis_deviation. Lerecouvreux M, Perrier E, Leduc PA, Manen O, Monteil M, Deroche J, Quiniou G, Carlioz R. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 12. Would you like email updates of new search results? It is part of the QRS complex and poor R wave progression can signal a problem. DO NOT perform any examination or procedure on patients based purely on the content of these videos. Left posterior fascicular block is much less common than LAFB. The patients with left axis deviation were older, were more often men, and were more likely to have hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, and a high LV mass index than those with normal axis (Table 1).
} An echocardiogram can usually rule o Left axis means on your ekg them sum of your electrical vectors from your heart was 0 to negative 90 degrees on the EKG. There is also the possibility of underlying pul. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. #mc-embedded-subscribe-form input[type=checkbox] { Among 67,375 Air Force men without symptoms, Hiss and associates found a frontal plane QRS axis of 30 to 90 degrees in 128 (1.9 percent). Weakened or stiffened heart muscle ( cardiomyopathy ). If your health care provider thinks you have left ventricular hypertrophy, imaging tests may be done to look at the heart. National Library of Medicine Clinic and electro-vectorcardiographic study (author's transl)]. Although not a dangerous finding in and of itself, axis deviation may be an indication of a serious underlying condition. This alters the ECG curve in a characteristic fashion which is rather easy to spot. [Left bu;ndle branch block with right axial deviation. If your enlarged heart is due to a chronic (ongoing) condition, it usually will not go away. left side deviation ! You can always check our FAQs section below to know more about left axis deviation. (= Left Axis Deviation, LAD) . Some ECG machines call any axis in the right upper quadrant (between 0 and -90 degrees) left axis deviation. This website follows the DNPA Code of Ethics, --------------------------------Advertisement---------------------------------- -. Importantly, LPFB is highly unusual in otherwise healthy individuals. Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. Left axis deviation. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. } Healthsoothe does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The left bundle branch is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1)the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle, whichdelivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle; (2)the posterior (posteroinferior) fascicle, whichdelivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferiorwalls of the left ventricle. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The electrical activity of the heart starts at the sinoatrialnode then spreads to the atrioventricular (AV)node. The ECG records heart electrical activity. Check out our other awesome clinical skills resources including: Retrieved 2022-10-25.. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. 12 Lead EKG Left axis: Old Inferior MI Ventricular ectopy Paced rhythm LBBB WPW LVH left anterior fascicular block idiopathic There are several potential causes of LAD. Providing credible health information and fast-growing dental news and health company that specializes in viral content in emerging specialize mostly in Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), Russia, USA, Canada, Nigeria, and others. But no matter what your blood pressure is, developing left ventricular hypertrophy puts you at higher risk of congestive heart failure and irregular heart rhythms. Geeky Medics accepts no liability for loss of any kind incurred as a result of reliance upon the information provided in this video. It should be shorter than 120 milliseconds. - Introduction 00:00
Routine EKG Finding Could Signal Serious Heart Problem font-weight: normal; Cardiac axis gives us an idea of the overall direction of electrical activity.
Understanding ECG Axis and Axis Deviation - YouTube Various conditions often shift the QRS axis without fulfilling the defined limits of deviations in the initial stage. Approximately 510% of all individuals have a third fascicle the median or centroseptal fascicle whichgives off Purkinje fibers to the interventricular septum. This article will outline ECG with poor R wave progression . A collection of data interpretation guides to help you learn how to interpret various laboratory and radiology investigations. background: #fff; If the electrical axis is between -30 to -90 this is considered left axis deviation. This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II. It occurs when a persons heart rate relates to their breathing cycle. You would expect to see the most negative deflection in aVR.
What does non-specific ST-T elevation on ECG mean? - Doctor.ndtv A1C cut points to define various glucose intolerance groups in Asian Indians. The EKG measures the direction cannot say in your particular case, but generally, it means the the heart, electrically, is moved to the left. A comprehensive collection of medical revision notes that cover a broad range of clinical topics. The electrical axis will be shifted to the left (left axis deviation), ranging between -45 and -90. In conclusion, among patients with left bundle branch block, those with left axis deviation have a greater incidence of myocardial dysfunction, a more advanced conduction disease, and greater cardiovascular damage which can lead to mortality (if not properly treated immediately) than those with a normal axis. By signing up, you agree to the our terms and our Privacy Policy agreement. Healthsoothe is the leading source for trustworthy and timely oral health and medical news and information. The QRS duration is only slightly prolonged but it does not reach 0.12 s. Block in the anterior fascicle causes left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). All right, guys, that is it for now for the left axis deviation of the heart. This causes the deflection inlead I to becomenegative and the deflection inlead aVF/III to bemore positive. padding-bottom: 0px; Editor-in-chief of the LITFL ECG Library. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. There is also an increase in QRS duration (greater than 100 ms), especially an increase in intrinsicoid deflection (greater than 50 ms). margin-right: 10px; If the electrical axis is -30 to -45.
What does the right axis deviation mean in an ECG result? Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. As noted earlier, axis deviation is most commonly a result . A left heart axis is present when the QRS in lead I is positive and negative in II and AVF. Watch the video below to know more on left axis deviation: Knowing the electrical axis may assist guide the differential diagnosis and offer insight into underlying illness conditions2Jenkins, Dean (1996). Among 67,375 Air Force men without symptoms, Hiss and associates found a frontal plane QRS axis of 30 to 90 degrees in 128 (1.9 percent). We would like to show you notifications for the latest Health and Dentalcare news and updates. it can be very dangerous if not treated properly. PMC Suppose there were an infarct in the left ventricle - the effective muscle mass on that side is decreased. and transmitted securely. Please write a single word answer in lowercase (this is an anti-spam measure). what is the difference between right and left axis deviation, The Top 5 Benefits of Owning a High-Quality Wheelchair, Top 10 Best Probiotics for Women's Gut Health (2022), Pseudonits (Hair Casts) | Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and prevention, Mechanical Ventilation | Everything You Need to Know About It (with Pictures, Videos & FAQs), Ideal Body Proportions Calculator For Athlete. Press Esc to cancel. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Epub 2009 Nov 10. How to Manage Type 2 Diabetes With Exercise, 5 Types of Eye Surgery and What to Expect. Patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) can show a leftward deviation of the frontal QRS-axis upon provocation with sodium channel blockers. The second vector is directed downwards and to the right, which results in a prominent R-wave in lead aVF and equally prominent S-wave in lead I. This results in the deflection of lead III becoming negative (this is only considered significant if the deflection of lead II also becomes negative). Extra right ventricular tissue results in a stronger electrical signal being generated by the right side of the heart. . Until recently, it was believed that the human heart didnt have this capacity. Is left axis deviation serious? We planned a study of ambulatory adults with borderline (0 to -30) and moderate-to-marked (<-30 to -90) LAD looking into their possible association with glucose intolerance with fasting plasma glucose (FPG)100 mg/dL. Answer (1 of 2): Could mean a number of things.
What Is Left Axis Deviation? - Reference For an optimized experience on mobile, add Left Axis Deviation (LAD)| Learn More About the Pathologies of the Heart by Determining the Left Deviations of its Electrical Axis shortcut to your mobile device's home screen, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_axis_deviation. . P mitrale (bifid P waves) and left atrial enlargement are common P wave abnormalities. Check QRS in lead II to identify a real LAD. Read More. Is Left Axis Deviation ECG Dangerous or Can LAD Cause Death? Medications. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Clinical electrocardiography and ECG interpretation, Cardiac electrophysiology: action potential, automaticity and vectors, The ECG leads: electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads, 12-Lead ECG (EKG), The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG & lead aVR instead of aVR, ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave), How to interpret the ECG / EKG: A systematic approach, Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry), Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration), Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats), Premature atrial contraction(premature atrial beat / complex): ECG & clinical implications, Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implications, Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management, Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate), Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest), Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features, Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS), Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management, Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG diagnosis & management, Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management, Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia, Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm), Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment, Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes, Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest, Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management, Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia, Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG, Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction, Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms, Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Reactions, ECG Changes & Symptoms, The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarction, Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave, ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECG, T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign, ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves, Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction, Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction, ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit), The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion, Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG, Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management, NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management, STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): diagnosis, criteria, ECG & management, First-degree AV block (AV block I, AV block 1), Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block, Third-degree AV block (3rd degree AV block, AV block 3, AV block III), Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks), Intraventricular conduction delay: bundle branch blocks & fascicular blocks, Right bundle branch block (RBBB): ECG, criteria, definitions, causes & treatment, Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management, Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction: the Sgarbossa criteria, Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left posterior fascicular block on ECG, Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect), Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG, ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications, Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics, Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics, Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG, Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment, ECG changes caused by antiarrhythmic drugs, beta blockers & calcium channel blockers, ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder), ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome, Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management, Early repolarization pattern on ECG (early repolarization syndrome), Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy), Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment, Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade, Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction, Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing (exercise ECG), Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination, Exercise stress testing in special patient populations, Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain, Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance, ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy about left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), ECG criteria for left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes of left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy aboutleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes ofleft posterior fascicular block (LPFB).